Berkner USAD [Science]

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What cranial bone borders all four of the major cranial sutures?: Parietal bone.
Name the four major cranial sutures.: Coronal, Lambdoid, Squamous, and Sagittal.
What two bones does the coronal suture border?: Parietal bone and frontal bone.
What two bones does the lambdoid suture border?: Parietal bone and occipital bone.
What two bones does the squamous suture border?: Parietal bone and temporal bone.
How many bones comprise the average human adult skeletal system?: 206.
How many bones are located in the skull?: 22.
How many bones comprise the vertebral column?: 26.
What is the name of the most superior bone in the vertebral column?: Atlas.
What is the name of the second most superior bone in the vertical column?: Axis.
List the 5 regions of the vertebral column, going from the most superior to the most inferior.: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
How many bones comprise the cervical vertebrae?: 7.
How many bones comprise the thoracic vertebrae?: 12.
How many bones comprise the lumbar vertebrae?: 5.
Before the sacrum becomes fused, how many bones is it comprised of?: 5.
What 4 (Only 2 different bones) bones comprise the pectoral girdle?: 2 scapulas and 2 clavicles.
What type of bone is the patella?: Sesamoid.
Which bone has outstretched greater and lesser bones and has a ragged, mothlike shape?: Sphenoid bone.
How many pairs of ribs are present in the average human adult body?: 12.
How many pairs of rib bones are "true ribs"?: 7.
When was Galen born?: Circa 129 A.D.
What was the name of the collection of Galen's more than 130 medical treatises?: De usu partium (On the Usefulness on the Parts of the Body).
What medical practice was prohibited during Galen's time?: Dissection.
Early in his life, Galen was doctor to which group of people?: Gladiators.
Many of Galen's anatomical theories were incorrect because they were based on what?: Dissections of animals.
Before Galen, arteries were thought to have carried what?: Air.
Galen discovered what aspect of the circulatory system?: Arteries carry blood. He also made important observations on muscles, bones, and the heart.
Where did Galen gain his eduacation?: Asclepion at Pergamum. He read texts from the Library of Alexandria.
What did Galen believe to be the greatest necessity to curing ailments?: Clinical observation.
When did Galen rise to prominence?: When he became surgeon to the emperor's son.
What was the main animal that Galen dissected in his anatomical research?: Barbury apes.
According to the USAD packet, what did Galen lay the groundwork for?: The connection between anatomy and physiology, also called the structure/functure relationship.
What did Galen recognize as important in both movement and paralysis?: The spinal cord.
What did Galen correlate to the process of respiration?: The diaphragm.
Galen recognized structures such as the liver, kidney, and heart, but did he place them correctly in the human body?: No; his locations of the organs were incorrect.
Which early anatomist is known as the "father" of Western medicine?: Hippocrates.
During what time period did Hippocrates live?: 460-370 B.C.
Hippocrates believed that an appropriate cure involved what two aspects?: Diet improvement/ environment change.
What theory did HIppocrates use?: Humoral theory.
Who was the first to combine both theory and clinical observation?: Hipprocrates.
Did the Greek physician Hippocrates ever dissect a corpse?: No.
What oath must modern graduating medical students invoke?: The Hippocratic Oath.
What is the Latin name of the Hippocratic Collection?: Corpus Hippocratium.
How many volumes are contained in the Hippocratic Collection?: Approximately 70.
Name ten works listed in the USAD guide as belonging in the Hippocratic Collection.: On Airs, Waters and Places; On Ancient Medicine; Aphorisms; On the Articulations; The Book of Prognostics; On Fistulae; On Fractures; On Injuries of the Head; Of the Epidemics; On Regimen in Acute Disease; On the Surgery.
During what time period did Aristotle live?: Circa 384 - 322 B.C.
According to the USAD guide, what field did Aristotle lay the foundation for?: Comparative anatomy; He wanted to relate parts of the human body to those of animals.
Who was the author of De partibus animalium (On the Parts of Animals)?: Aristotle.
Who wrote De generative animalium (On the Generation of Animals)?: Aristotle.
In Aristotle's De generative animalium and De partibus animalium, animals from what region were analyzed?: Mediterrean.
Aristotle attempted to chronicle the anatomy and physiology of how many indigenous species of the Mediterrean?: Over 500.
Aristotle is known for his distinction between nerves and what other tissue?: Tendons.
What part of the cardiovascular system did Aristotle describe?: The major arteries and their branches into smaller blood vessels.
Who does the USAD guide regard as the first true anatomist?: Artistotle.
In one of Aristotle's experiments, Aristotle dicovered the development of the heart on the 4th day of growth of what kind of embryo? (What animal?): Chick embryo.
What two theories/fields of genetics and reproduction did Aristotle carry out experiments?: Pangenesis and embryology.
Since the term "pangenesis" was not coined during Aristotle's time, the term actually came from which prominent biologist?: Charles Darwin.
What were the scholars at the medical school at Alexandria, Egypt doing to discover the relationship between structure and function?: Dissecting cadavers.
During what time period did Herophilus live?: 335 - 280 B.C. (55 years)
Who is often called the "father of anatomy"?: Herophilus.
What time period did Erasistratus live in?: 300 - 260 B.C. (40 years)
Allegedly, how many human cadavers did the medical school at Alexandria dissect?: Over 600.
How did Erasistratus contribute to the medical school at Alexandria?: He documented their anatomical discoveries.
Who conducted the first documented effort in neuroscience?: Herophilus.
What did Herophilus recognize as the center of the nervous system?: The brain.
Who distinguished the cerebrum from the cerebellum?: Herophilus.
Who distinguished sensory nerves from motor nerves?: Herophilus.
Who proclaimed the brain to be the "source of thought"?: Herophilus.
Who was the author of Anatomica (On Anatomy)?: Herophilus.
Name two facets of the brain that Herophilus describes in his work, Anatomica.: Cerebral ventricles and venous sinuses.
What is the "duodenum"?: The passage from the stomach to the intestine.
To whom is the term "duodenum" attributed to?: Herophilus.
What term did Herophilus use to describe the passage from the stomach to the intestine?: Dodekadaktylon; It was named thusly due to the passage's estimated length of 12 finger-lengths.
Herophilus recognized that nerve damage could ultimately lead to what?: Paralysis.
Of what organization did Erasistratus eventually become the leader of?: The Alexandrian School of Anatomy.
Who was the first to formulate a "pneumatic theory" that described the heart as a pump?: Erasistratus.
Who was the first to delineate the auricles of the heart, the cardiac valves and many major blood vessels?: Erasistratus.
Identify 8 of the blood vessels that Erasistratus described.: The aorta, the pulmonary artery and vein, the hepatic artery and vein, the renal vessels, and both the superior and inferior vena cava.
What is "pneuma"?: "Vital air".
What did Erasistratus believe the nerves were a channel for?: The pneuma, or vital air.
Erasistratus believed that the organs were served by a three-fold network consisting of which three systems?: Arteries, veins, and nerves.
According to Erasistratus, what did veins carry?: Blood.
According to Erasistratus, what did arteries carry?: Animal spirits.
In the Greek four-humor model, what four humors were described?: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
Before the humoral theory, what did the Greeks believe that caused disease?: Divine and supernatural causes.
According to the Greeks, what were the three stages of disease?: An imbalance between the humors, a "boiling" reaction to the imbalance (fever), and a discharge of the imbalanced humor or death.
Which thoery did Aristotle refute in favor of his embryonic theory?: The preformation theory that sperm/egg cells held miniature adults that grow during development.
What three tools were used in the Greek methods of healing bones and joints?: Bandages, splinters, and mechanical devices.
In the Greek practice of herbal therapy, what two reagents were used?: Mineral spirits and plant extracts.
According to Erasistratus, what did the nerves transport?: Nervous spirits.
Besides Herophilus, who differentiated the cerebrum from the cerebellum?: Erasistratus.
Who discovered the cerebral convolutions, the ventricles, and the meninges?: Erasistratus.
What three spirits did Galen belive were injected into the veins, arteries and nerves by the liver, heart, and brain (his tripartite system)?: Natural, vital, and animal spirits.
Did Galen believe in the humoral theory?: Yes.
What is Ibn Sina's Latin name?: Avicenna.
Summarize the progress of medicine during the Middle Ages.: Virtually nonexistent.
According to the USAD resource guide, which work was the most influential Arab text?: The Canon of Medicine.
During what years did Ibn Sina live?: 980-1037 A.D.
Who was the author of The Canon of Medicine?: Ibn Sina.
From which country did Ibn Sina hail?: Persia.
Approximately how many works did Ibn Sina author?: Over 400.
What three topics did Ibn Sina focus on?: Medicine, philosophy, and mathematics.
When was the University of Padua established?: 1222.
When was the University of Bologna established?: Circa 1088.
According to the USAD guide, who is regarded as the founder of modern anatomy?: Andreas Vesalius.
During what years did Vesalius live?: 1514-1564.
In which renowned university was Vesalius a professor?: University of Padua.
At the University of Padua, what position did Vesalius hold?: Professor of surgery and anatomy.
What was the Tabulae Sex?: A collection of labeled illustrations.
When was the Tabulae Sex published?: 1538
Who authored the Tabulae Sex?: Vesalius.
When was De Humani Corporis Fabrica published (On the Fabric of the Human Body)?: 1543.

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Number of cards 112